Tribal Welfare

Article 164 of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Minister in charge of Tribal Welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes or any other work in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa.

Consequent upon the creation of the States of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, a sizable portion of the Scheduled Areas of the erstwhile State of Madhya Pradesh stands transferred to Chhattisgarh and the entire Scheduled Areas of the former Bihar State stand transferred to the newly formed Jharkhand State and the Scheduled Areas. Further, as per census figures of 2001, the percentage of the Scheduled Tribes population to total population in the four States are as follows:—

            Name of the State                                          Percentage of the Scheduled Tribes population to total

(i)                  Bihar                                                0.9

(ii)                Jharkhand                                26.3

(iii)                Chhattisgarh                              31.8

(iv)               Madhya Pradesh                                   20.3

As there are no Scheduled Areas in Bihar now and the fraction of population of the Scheduled Tribes is very small, it is proposed to exclude Bihar from the purview of the said proviso and also proposed to extend the provisions of clause (1) of Article 164 to the newly formed States of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

THE RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ACT, 2014

An Act to provide for the establishment and incorporation of a University in the Bundelkhand region for the development of agriculture and for the furtherance of the advancement of learning and pursuit of research in agriculture and allied sciences and declare it to be an institution of national importance.

The headquarters of the University shall be at Jhansi in the State of Uttar Pradesh and it may also establish campuses at such other places within its jurisdiction as it may deem fit:

Bundelkhand” means the area covering six districts, namely Chhatarpur, Damoh, Datia, Panna, Sagar and Tikamgarh of Madhya Pradesh and seven districts, namely Banda, Chitrakoot, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur and Mahoba of Uttar Pradesh

THE BLACK MONEY (UNDISCLOSED FOREIGN INCOME AND ASSETS) AND IMPOSITION OF TAX ACT, 2015

An Act to make provisions to deal with the problem of the Black money that is undisclosed foreign income and assets, the procedure for dealing with such income and assets and to provide for imposition of tax on any undisclosed foreign income and asset held outside India and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

Types of Bills

Types of Bills introduced in the Parliament

Bills may be classified into Government Bills and private members' Bills accordingly as they are sponsored by a Minister or a private member. Depending upon their contents, Bills may further be classified broadly into

(a) Original Bills which embody new proposals, ideas or policies,

(b) Amending Bills which seek to modify, amend or revise existing Acts,

(c) Consolidating Bills which seek to consolidate existing laws/enactments on a particular subject,

(d) Expiring Laws (Continuance) Bills which seek to continue Acts which, otherwise, would expire on a specified date,

(e) Repealing and amending Bills to cleanse the Statute Book,

(f) Validating Acts to give validity to certain actions,

(g) Bills to replace Ordinances,

(h) Money and Financial Bills, and

(i) Constitution Amendment Bills.

THE NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION ACT, 2014

An Act to regulate the procedure to be followed by the National Judicial Appointments Commission for recommending persons for appointment as the Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court and Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts and for their transfers and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

THE LOKPAL AND LOKAYUKTAS ACT, 2013

An Act to provide for the establishment of a body of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

The Lokpal shall consist of— 

(a) a Chairperson, who is or has been a Chief Justice of India or is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or an eminent person who fulfils the eligibility specified in clause (b) of sub-section 

(3); and

(b) such number of Members, not exceeding eight out of whom fifty per cent. shall be Judicial Members: 

Provided that not less than fifty per cent. of the Members of the Lokpal shall be from amongst the persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, Minorities and women. 

sub-section (3) 

A person shall be eligible to be appointed,— 

(a) as a Judicial Member if he is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or is or has been a Chief Justice of a High Court; 

(b) as a Member other than a Judicial Member, if he is a person of impeccable integrity and outstanding ability having special knowledge and expertise of not less than twenty-five years in the matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, finance including insurance and banking, law and management.

THE CONSTITUTION (ONE HUNDREDTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2015

An Act further to amend the Constitution of India to give effect to the acquiring of territories by India and transfer of certain territories to Bangladesh in pursuance of the agreement and its protocol entered into between the Governments of India and Bangladesh.

111 Indian Enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 Bangladesh Enclaves in India as per the jointly verified cadastral enclave maps and signed at the level of DGLR&S, Bangladesh and DLR&S, West Bengal (India) in April, 1997, shall be exchanged without claim to compensation for the additional areas going to Bangladesh.

Rajya Sabha in Financial Matters

Rajya Sabha in Financial Matters

Money Bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha.  After it is passed by that House, it is transmitted to Rajya Sabha for its concurrence or recommendation.  The power of Rajya Sabha in respect of such a Bill is limited.   Rajya Sabha has to return such a Bill to Lok Sabha within a period of fourteen days from its receipt.  If it is not returned to Lok Sabha within that time, the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said period in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha.  Again, Rajya Sabha cannot amend a Money Bill; it can only recommend amendments and Lok Sabha may either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations made by Rajya Sabha.

Apart from a Money Bill, certain other categories of Financial Bills also cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha.  There are, however, some other types of Financial Bills on which there is no limitation on the powers of the Rajya Sabha.  These Bills may be initiated in either House and Rajya Sabha has powers to reject or amend such Financial Bills like any other Bill.  Of course, such Bills cannot be passed by either House of Parliament unless the President has recommended to that House the consideration thereof.

From all this, however, it does not follow that Rajya Sabha has nothing to do in matters relating to finance.  The Budget of the Government of India is laid every year before Rajya Sabha also and its members discuss it.  Though Rajya Sabha does not vote on Demands for Grants of various Ministries - a matter exclusively reserved for Lok Sabha - no money, however, can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India unless the Appropriation Bill has been passed by both the Houses.  Similarly, the Finance Bill is also brought before Rajya Sabha.  Besides, the Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees that examine the annual Demands for Grants of the Ministries/Departments are joint committees having ten members from Rajya Sabha. 

Special Powers of Rajya Sabha

 Special Powers of Rajya Sabha

Rajya Sabha being a federal chamber enjoys certain special powers under the Constitution.  All the subjects/areas regarding legislation have been divided into three Lists - Union List, State List and concurrent List.

Union and State Lists are mutually exclusive - one cannot legislate on a matter placed in the sphere of the other.  However, if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting saying that it is “necessary or expedient in the national interest” that Parliament should make a law on a matter enumerated in the State List, Parliament becomes empowered to make a law on the subject specified in the resolution, for the whole or any part of the territory of India.  Such a resolution remains in force for a maximum period of one year but this period can be extended by one year at a time by passing a similar resolution further.

If Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting declaring that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to create one or more All India Services common to the Union and the States, Parliament becomes empowered to create by law such services.

Under the Constitution, the President is empowered to issue Proclamations in the event of national emergency, in the event of failure of constitutional machinery in a State, or in the case of financial emergency.  Every such proclamation has to be approved by both Houses of Parliament within a stipulated period.  Under certain circumstances, however, Rajya Sabha enjoys special powers in this regard.  If a Proclamation is issued at a time when Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of Lok Sabha takes place within the period allowed for its approval, then the proclamation remains effective, if the resolution approving it is passed by Rajya Sabha within the period specified in the Constitution under articles 352, 356 and 360.

Half-an-Hour Discussion (Lok Sabha)

Half-an-Hour Discussion.

A Half-an-Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. 

Usually, half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays only, In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-an-hour discussions. 

During the discussion, the member who has given notice makes a short statement and not more than four members who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the Minister concerned replies. There is no formal motion before the House nor voting. 

Question Hour

Question Hour 

The first hour of every sitting of Lok Sabha is called the Question hour. Asking of questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members. It is during the Question hour that they may ask questions on different aspects of administration and Government policy in the national as well as international spheres. Every Minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his Ministry's acts of omission or commission. 

Questions are of three types - Starred, Unstarred and Short Notice.

A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark.

An Unstarred Quesion is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. Minimum period of notice for starred/ unstarred question is 10 clear days. 

If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains. 

The normal period of notice does not apply to Short Notice Questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a Short Notice Question may only be answered on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A Short Notice Question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour. 

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Constitution of India, 1949

Contents
Sections	Particulars
	Preamble
Part I	The Union And Its Territory
1	Name and territory of the Union
2	Admission or establishment of new States
2A	[Repealed]
3	Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States
4	Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters
Part II	Citizenship
5	Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
6	Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
7	Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan
8	Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
9	Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens
10	Continuance of the rights of citizenship
11	Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law
Part III	Fundamental Rights
	General
12	Definition
13	Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights Right of Equality
14	Equality before law
15	Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
16	Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
17	Abolition of untouchability
18	Abolition of titles
	Right to Freedom
19	Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20	Protection in respect of conviction for offences
21	Protection of life and personal liberty
22	Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
	Right against Exploitation
23	Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor
24	Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
	Right to Freedom of Religion
25	Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
26	Freedom to manage religious affairs
27	Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
28	Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions
	Cultural and Educational Rights
29	Protection of interests of minorities
30	Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
31	[Repealed]
	Saving of certain laws
31A	Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31B	Validation of certain Acts and Regulations
31C	Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
31D	[Repealed]
	Right to Constitutional Remedies
32	Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part
32A	[Repealed]
33	Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application, etc.
34	Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area
35	Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part
Part IV	Directive Principles Of State Policy
36	Definition
37	Application of the principles contained in this Part
38	State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
39	Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
39A	Equal justice and free legal aid
40	Organization of village panchayats
41	Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases
42	Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
43	Living wage, etc., for workers
43A	Participation of workers in management of industries
44	Uniform civil code for the citizens
45	Provision for free and compulsory education for children
46	Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections
47	Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health
48	Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry
48A	Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life
49	Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
50	Separation of judiciary from executive
51	Promotion of international peace and security
Part IVA	Fundamental Duties
51A	Fundamental duties
Part V	The Union
Chapter I	The Executive
	The President and Vice-President
52	The President of India
53	Executive power of the Union
54	Election of President
55	Manner of election of President
56	Term of office of President
57	Eligibility for re-election
58	Qualifications for election as President
59	Conditions of President’s office
60	Oath or affirmation by the President
61	Procedure for impeachment of the President
62	Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
63	The Vice-President of India
64	The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States
65	The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President
66	Election of Vice-President
67	Term of office of Vice-President
68	Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
69	Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
70	Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies
71	Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President
72	Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
73	Extent of executive power of the Union Council of Ministers
74	Council of Ministers to aid and advise President
75	Other provisions as to Ministers
	The Attorney-General for India
76	Attorney-General for India
	Conduct of Government Business
77	Conduct of business of the Government of India
78	Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
Chapter II	Parliament
	General
79	Constitution of Parliament
80	Composition of the Council of States
81	Composition of the House of the People
82	Readjustment after each census
83	Duration of Houses of Parliament
84	Qualification for membership of Parliament
85	Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution
86	Right of President to address and send messages to Houses
87	Special address by the President
88	Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses Officers of Parliament
89	The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States
90	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman
91	Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman
92	The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
93	The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
94	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
95	Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
96	The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
97	Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
98	Secretariat of Parliament
	Conduct of Business
99	Oath or affirmation by members
100	Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
	Disqualifications of Members
101	Vacation of seats
102	Disqualifications for membership
103	Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
104	Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105	Powers, privileges, etc. of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof
106	Salaries and allowances of members
	Legislative Procedure
107	Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
108	Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
109	Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
110	Definition of Money Bill
111	Assent to Bills
	Procedures in Financial Matters
112	Annual financial statement
113	Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates
114	Appropriation Bills
115	Supplementary, additional or excess grants
116	Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
117	Special provisions as to financial Bills
	Procedure Generally
118	Rules of procedure
119	Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business
120	Language to be used in Parliament
121	Restriction on discussion in Parliament
122	Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament
Chapter III	Legislative Powers Of The President
123	Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament
Chapter IV	The Union Judiciary
124	Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court
125	Salaries, etc., of Judges
126	Appointment of acting Chief Justice
127	Appointment of ad hoc Judges
128	Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court
129	Supreme Court to be a court of record
130	Seat of Supreme Court
131	Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
131A	[Repealed]
132	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases
133	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters
134	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters
134A	Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court
135	Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court
136	Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court
137	Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court
138	Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
139.	Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs
139A	Transfer of certain cases
140	Ancillary powers of Supreme Court
141	Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts
142	Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143	Power of President to consult Supreme Court
144	Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court
144A	[Repealed]
145	Rules of court, etc.
146	Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court
147	Interpretation
Chapter V	Comptroller And Auditor-General Of India
148	Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
149	Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General
150	Form of accounts of the Union and of the States
151	Audit reports
Part VI	The States
Chapter I	General
152	Definition
Chapter II	The Executive
	The Governor
153	Governors of States
154	Executive power of State
155	Appointment of Governor
156	Term of office of Governor
157	Qualifications for appointment as Governor
158	Conditions of Governor’s office
159	Oath or affirmation by Governor
160	Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
161	Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
162	Extent of executive power of State
	Council of Ministers
163	Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor
164	Other provisions as to Ministers
	The Advocate-General for the State
165	Advocate-General for the State
	Conduct of Government Business
166	Conduct of business of the Government of a State
167	Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
	Individual officers
Chapter III	The State Legislature
	General
168	Constitution of Legislatures in States
169	Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States
170	Composition of the Legislative Assemblies
171	Composition of the Legislative Councils
172	Duration of State Legislatures
173	Qualification for membership of the State Legislature
174	Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution
175	Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses
176	Special address by the Governor
177	Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses
	Officers of the State Legislature
178	The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
179	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
180	Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
181	The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
182	The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council
183	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman
184	Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman
185	The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
186	Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
187	Secretariat of State Legislature
	Conduct of Business
188	Oath or affirmation by members
189	Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
	Disqualifications of Members
190	Vacation of seats
191	Disqualifications for membership
192	Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
193	Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified
	Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194	Powers, privileges, etc., of the House of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof
195	Salaries and allowances of members
	Legislative Procedure
196	Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
197	Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills
198	Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
199	Definition of Money Bills
200	Assent to Bills
	Governor’s assent to Bills
201	Bills reserved for consideration
	Procedure in Financial Matters
202	Annual financial statement
203	Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates
204	Appropriation Bills
205	Supplementary, additional or excess grants
206	Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
207	Special provisions as to financial Bills
	Procedure Generally
208	Rules of procedure
209	Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business
210	Language to be used in the Legislature
211	Restriction on discussion in the Legislature
212	Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature
Chapter IV	Legislative Power Of The Governor
213	Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature
Chapter V	The High Courts In The States
214	High Courts for States
215	High Courts to be courts of record
216	Constitution of High Courts
217	Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court
218	Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts
219	Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts
220	Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge
221	Salaries etc., of Judges
222	Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another
223	Appointment of acting Chief Justice
224	Appointment of additional and acting Judges
224A	Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts
225	Jurisdiction of existing High Courts
226	Power of High Courts to issue certain writs
	Students
226A	[Repealed]
227	Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court
228	Transfer of certain cases to High Court
228A	[Repealed]
229	Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts
230	Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories
231	Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States
Chapter VI	Subordinate Courts
233	Appointment of district judges
233A	Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges
234	Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service
235	Control over subordinate courts
236	Interpretation
237	Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates
Part VII	[Repealed]
Part VIII	The Union Territories
239	Administration of Union territories
239A	Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories
239B	Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature
240	Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories
241	High Courts for Union territories
242	[Repealed]
Part IX	The Panchayats
243	Definitions
243A	Gram Sabha
243B	Constitution of Panchayats
243C	Composition of Panchayats
243D	Reservation of seats
243E	Duration of Panchayats, etc.
243F	Disqualifications for membership
243G	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats
243H	Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the Panchayats
243I	Constitution of finance Commissions to review financial position
243J	Audit of accounts of Panchayats
243K	Elections to the Panchayats
243L	Application to Union territories
243M	Part not to apply to certain areas
243N	Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats
243O	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
	Election process (Gram Panchayats)
Part IX A	The Municipalities
243P	Definitions
243Q	Constitution of Municipalities
243R	Composition of Municipalities
243S	Constitution and composition of wards Committees, etc.
243T	Reservation of seats
243U	Duration of Municipalities, etc.
243V	Disqualifications for membership
243W	Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X	Power to impose taxes by, and funds, of, the Municipalities
243Y	Finance Commission
243Z	Audit of accounts of Municipalities
243ZA	Elections to the Municipalities
243ZB	Application to Union territories
243ZC	Part not to apply to certain areas
243ZD	Committee for district planning
243ZE	Committee for Metropolitan Planning
243ZF	Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities
243ZG	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
Part X	The Scheduled And Tribal Areas
244	Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas
244A	Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor
Part XI	Relations Between The Union And The States
Chapter I	Legislative Relations
	Distribution of Legislative Powers
245.	Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
246.	Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
247.	Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts
248.	Residuary powers of legislation
249.	Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest
250	Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
251	Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States
252	Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State
253	Legislation for giving effect to international agreements
254	Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States
255	Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only
Chapter II	Administrative Relations
	General
256	Obligation of States and the Union
257	Control of the Union over States in certain cases
257A	[Repealed]
258	Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases
258A	Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union
259	[Repealed]
260	Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India
261	Public acts, records and judicial proceedings
	Disputes relating to Waters
262	Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys
	Co-ordination between States
263	Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council
Part XII	Finance, Property, Contracts And Suits
Chapter I	Finance
	General
264	Interpretation
265	Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law
	Fee
266	Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States
267	Contingency Fund
	Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268	Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States
269	Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States
270	Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States
271	Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union
272	Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the Union and the States
273	Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products
274	Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested
275	Grants from the Union to certain States
276	Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments
277	Savings
278	[Repealed]
279	Calculation of "net proceeds", etc.
280	Finance Commission
281	Recommendations of the Finance Commission
	Miscellaneous Financial Provisions
282	Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues
283	Custody, etc. of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts
284	Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts
285	Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation
286	Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods
287	Exemption from taxes on electricity
288	Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases
289	Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation
290	Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions
290A	Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds
291	[Repealed]
Chapter II	Borrowing
292	Borrowing by the Government of India
293	Borrowing by States
Chapter III	Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations And Suits
294	Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases
295	Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases
296	Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia
297	Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union
298	Power to carry on trade, etc.
299	Contracts
300	Suits and proceedings
Chapter IV	Right To Property
300A	Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law
Part XIII	Trade, Commerce And Intercourse Within The Territory Of India
301	Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
302	Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse
303	Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce
304	Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States Regulation and Prohibition must be distinguished from each other
305	Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies
306	[Repealed]
307	Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304
Part XIV	Services Under The Union And The States
Chapter I	Services
308	Interpretation
309	Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State
310	Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State
311	Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State
312	All-India Services
312A	Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services
313	Transitional provisions
314	[Repealed]
Chapter II	Public Service Commission
315	Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States
316	Appointment and term of office of members
317	Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission
318	Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission
319	Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members
320	Functions of Public Service Commissions
321	Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions
322	Expenses of Public Service Commission
323	Reports of Public Service Commissions
Part XIVA	Tribunals
323A	Administrative tribunals
323B	Tribunals for other matters
Part XV	Elections
324	Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission
325	No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex
326	Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage
327	Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures
328	Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature
329	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
329A	[Repealed]
Part XVI	Special Provisions Relating To Certain Classes
330	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People
331	Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People
332	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States
333	Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States
334	Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after fifty years
335	Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts
336	Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services
337	Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian community
338	Special Officer for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, etc.
339	Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes
340	Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes
341	Scheduled Castes
342	Scheduled Tribes
Part XVII	Official Language
Chapter I	Language Of The Union
343	Official language of the Union
344	Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language
Chapter II	Regional Languages
345	Official language or languages of a State
346	Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union
347	Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State
Chapter III	Language Of The Supreme Court, High Courts, Etc
348	Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
349	Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language
Chapter IV	Special Directives
350	Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances
350A	Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage
350B	Special Officer for linguistic minorities
351	Directive for development of the Hindi language
Part XVIII	Emergency Provisions
352	Proclamation of Emergency
353	Effect of Proclamation of Emergency
354	Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
355	Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance
356	Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in State
357	Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356
358	Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies
359	Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies
359A	[Repealed]
360	Provisions as to financial emergency
Part XIX	Miscellaneous
361	Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs
361A	Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislature
362	[Repealed]
363	Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363A	Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished
364	Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes
365	Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the
366	Definitions
367	Interpretation
Part XX	Amendment Of The Constitution
368	Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor
Part XXI	Temporary, Transitional And Special Provisions
369	Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List
370	Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
371	Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat
371A	Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland
371B	Special provision with respect to the State of Assam
371C	Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur
371D	Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh
371E	Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh
371F	Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim
371G	Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram
371H	Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh
371-I	Special provision with respect to the State of Goa
372	Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation
372A	Power of the President to adapt laws
373	Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases
374	Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council
375	Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution
376	Provisions as to Judges of High Courts
377	Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
378	Provisions as to Public Service Commissions
378A	Special provisions as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
379-391	[Repealed]
392	Power of the President to remove difficulties
Part XXII	Short title, commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals
393	Short title
394	Commencement
395	Repeals
Schedule	First Schedule
	Second Schedule
	Third Schedule
	Fourth Schedule
	Fifth Schedule
	Sixth Schedule
	Seventh Schedule
	Eighth Schedule
	Ninth Schedule
	Tenth Schedule
	Eleventh Schedule
	Twelfth Schedule